PROBLEMS FACING HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE TEACHERS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS Essay

Issues FACING HIGH SCHOOL SCIENCE TEACHERS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS - Essay Example Be that as it may, these instructors will in general experience a few difficulties and this talk centers around such. Science is an exceptionally unique field and this implies secondary school science educators must receive developing advancements to empower their understudies stay attractive or practical in the activity markets. Be that as it may, this will in general be an extraordinary test in low salary secondary schools where science instructors are compelled to depend on obsolete innovations. Innovation, in this situation, alludes to the apparatus, PC equipment and programming, lab gear, and lab manuals (Baker 32). A few educators in such organizations handle the hypothetical pieces of the trend setting innovations without essentially masterminding down to earth meetings because of absence of required offices. Toward the day's end, understudies come up short on the down to earth understanding and this is an immense difficulty as they graduate and join the activity advertise. The arrangement is the organization of such schools ought to liaise with neighborhood specialists so some store could be put aside to buy the correct hardware in the establishments. The schools could likewise look for assets or gifts from the network, associations, and in any event, willing people to buy the necessary hardware (Geisler 209). Then, the school could make courses of action with establishments with such offices so understudies could make organized visits and gain from their offices. In any case, this ought to be in a way that the two understudies from the two offices are not burdened. Science educators could utilize absorbed modules to control their understudies as the organization look for assets to buy such offices. Science arranged subjects require more exercise hours contrasted and social and mankind related subjects. Be that as it may, a larger part of secondary schools allot that hours for all subjects. Because of this, a greater part of instructors end up not finishing the necessary schedule as the school closes. In any case, their partners taking care of social and humankind exercises

Is racism still in football?

Many individuals would contend that bigotry is still near, regardless of the amount we attempt to show it out and particularly in Football. Show it out is a crusade assigned absolutely to get rid of prejudice in Football. It works all through the football, instructive and network parts to challenge segregation and energize comprehensive practices and work for positive change. Anyway after ongoing occasions returning a couple of years bigotry is as yet a principle part of the football world albeit the vast majority attempt to conceal the way this is going on a great deal of others are baffled and disappointed that this despite everything goes on. â€Å"To any administering body that chooses to disregard, I need to reveal to you that your demeanor just amplifies the reality you are distant from the cutting edge game† a solid proclamation made by Sepp Blatter leader of FIFA (The International Federation of Association Football) to recommend that individuals must make some noise, in any case this issue may never be unraveled. On talking about ongoing occasions that have gotten attention of the open audience’s I’m going to talk on two gifted footballers who are commonly known far and wide; Luis Suarez Captain of Uruguay and an incredibly capable footballer who wears the number 7 shirt for Liverpool FC and John Terry, past England skipper and commander for Chelsea FC, both have been in the spotlight in regards to racial charges. In the wake of being seen as blameworthy for unfortunate behavior with respect to utilizing annoying and conceivably supremacist words towards Patrice Evra of Manchester United, Luis Suarez was restricted for eight games and fined ?40,000. The charges on October fifteenth during an apparatus among Liverpool and Manchester United, during which Evra asserted that Suarez racially manhandled him â€Å"more than 10 times† (Guardian, 2011) Recently, episodes of prejudice have been made a huge deal about. Principle man for Chelsea and England pioneer John Terry has been in the open eye following an event that occurred December of 2011 among himself and Anton Ferdinand, sibling of England’s Rio Ferdinand. John Terry has been blamed for racial maltreatment and has been seen as blameworthy on the 27th of July 2012. â€Å"The decision discharged by the FA stated: â€Å"The Football Association charged Mr Terry on Friday 27 July 2012 with utilizing damaging as well as offending words or potentially conduct towards Queens Park Rangers' Anton Ferdinand and which incorporated a reference to shading as well as race in opposition to FA Rule E3 [2] comparable to the Queens Park Rangers FC versus Chelsea FC installation at Loftus Road on 23 October 2011. (BBC Sport, September, 2012) Sky Sports are probably the most game situated TV slots in the UK and I will dole out my media enthusiasm about how they think about the prejudice in the football world, all the more so in the United Kingdom. For my second week I needed to recognize, legitimize and build up a liable research question Because I chose to concentrate my media enthusiasm on how sky sports manage the issue that has influenced many indiv iduals in football, this issue being bigotry, it’s nothing unexpected that my examination question will be of a similar subject. In the first place I needed to do some exploration to check whether the inquiry I’m posing would be appropriate and replied by the correct crowd. Anyway before I arrived at that stage I expected to locate the right individuals I’m pointing this inquiry to. So I proceeded to race to the closest strip mall and solicited a great deal from nearby men, there ages going 18-24. 17 out of 20 youthful guys distinguished themselves as ordinary Football watchers and furthermore check Sky Sports to make up for lost time with the most recent. Research Question: How Sky Sports report prejudice in Football? Object of Study: In this subject I will examine how precisely Sky Sports report the bigotry that has been going on in late occasions returning a couple of months to the Euro Cup where football players expressed ‘if somebody tosses a banana at me I will go to prison, since I will kill them’ (Mario Balotelli, Sky Sports news) Sky Sports, similar to some other News Industry contain a great deal of realities and tattle. So as to get data from my ‘object of study’ I have concluded that I would visit Birmingham City Football club and address two youngsters who play for the clubs hold crew, I asked them How Sky Sports reports bigotry and how the crowd may react to them? multi year old Nathan disclosed to me that he had experienced some racial maltreatment at an early stage in his profession ‘I could never get picked for groups, players could never pass me the ball and in all probability hear some racial maltreatment from fans yet I trust it made me a superior player nowâ€⠄¢ and multi year old Jermain let me know ‘whether Sky Sports wipe the prejudice issue nowadays to get more watchers or not, in any event there putting the issue out there all the more so everyone can perceive what goes on. Anyway I despite everything expected to ground my inquiry and make it progressively neighborhood, I could just arrive at a resolution and make it based more in the UK, ‘How do Sky Sports report football prejudice in the UK?. Sky Sports covers a large portion of England NI and Wales this could as of now propose that all there reports covers just the United Kingdom. In my third week, for my third task I’ve needed to alter my inquiry and take a gander at something that in my eyes had all the potential ascribes to fit that week’s task. I have chosen to utilize the new Guinness advert to show how logical and furthermore semiological examination are both being utilized. Coordinated by Peter Thwaites from Gorgeous, the film was shot on the spot in South Africa in both Johannesburg and along the Durban coastline. The advert passes on the allegory astounding things can happen when we challenge ourselves. (Innovative report, 2012) The advert in the viewer’s decisions if never observed can leave them think about what it is prompting as it did me the first occasion when I watched it. In any case, I glanced back at it a couple of times and went over various key factors that really bode well and can identify with the half quart of Guinness they are so tactfully promoting. ‘A cloud originated from the sea’ the thought here, this could recommend, is that the cloud speaks to the ordinary Guinness consumer †somebody who has split away from the majority to locate their own way. In a manner utilizing a cloud to speak to fluid refreshment is shrewd and in its own specific manner. â€Å"The cloud originated from the ocean. He dislike different mists. The breeze couldn't come on him. The more he saw, the more he did. What's more, the more he did, the more he became. You see he wasn’t only a cloud. He was a cloud made of more† the discourse is extremely interesting and it’s what attracts us closer to the commercial. As the film advances, the cloud draws in with individuals, places and articles underneath, seeing itself reflected in a reflected high rise, obscuring as it moves toward the area of a wild mechanical fire before the emotional peak. The cloud at that point delicately floats back, sea bound, and slowly converges into a whirling half quart of Guinness, before settling with the new 16 ounces; Guinness. Made of More. Talking increasingly about the fire scene, in real pith the cloud represents much more. I accept that the fire speaks to a man’s rage and the cloud extinguishes the fire proposing that on the off chance that you have a 16 ounces of Guinness you’ll be loose and cooler. Subsequent to looking into this advert I’ve reach a determination, it’s only a significant illustration to show the astonishing things that can happen when we challenge ourselves to benefit as much as possible from what our identity is. Do we settle for the status quo or do we make the striking decision to stride up and be made of something else? Do we settle for a common drink or do we pick one that is made of something else? † Now for my fourth week I chose to concentrate my undertaking on another point, simply in light of the fact that I required a various crowd there’s very little assorted variety in Football among Male and Females. How do crowds get diversion from watching music recordings on YouTube? YouTube gives a scene to sharing recordings among loved ones just as an exhibit for new and experienced videographers. Highlighting recordings it thinks about engaging, YouTube has become a goal for aggressive videographers, just as beginners who extravagant creation an announcement or some likeness thereof. Furthermore, YouTube developed as a significant setting for portions from political addresses (PC Magazine) To discover an appropriate solution for my inquiry I needed to clearly pose to certain individuals and see what their reaction regarding the matter is. The 3 individuals I chose to meet were: multi year old performer Jamal, multi year old Producer Michael and multi year old artist Emma. These individuals where glad for me to ask them anything as long as it fit the subject. Jamal disclosed to me he viewed YouTube at any rate three times each day just also check whether he can discover motivation and now and again look at the opposition. ‘YouTube is a huge stage for everyone to flaunt their abilities, I need to perceive what everybody is bringing to the table to realize what sort of stuff I need to bring out, and some of the time discover some inspiration’. Michael anyway wasn’t so severe and cherishes viewing different performers and makers on YouTube. ‘I love YouTube, I love every little thing about it. It’s like venturing to the far corners of the planet to perceive what abilities others have yet you can do it all in your room if you catch my drift. I watch YouTube consistently, now and then in light of the fact that I’m exhausted yet more often than not for amusements, it’s like how might anyone get exhausted of YouTube’. I inquired as to whether he’s ever transferred anything on YouTube and how that’s influenced him ‘Yes, I transfer my beats and tests and the majority of the occasions I get individuals informing me and requesting that I make them an instrumental, so it takes a large portion of my time’. To close my meeting I headed toward address multi year old artist Emma, she revealed to me that in the event that it had not been for YouTube perhaps she would have been a medical caretaker. I was contemplating wellbeing an

Writing A Persuasive Essay Sample

Writing A Persuasive Essay SampleA persuasive essay sample is a short form of a research essay, used to gain the interest of readers by presenting the subjects and topics in a clean manner. Some online sites, which offer persuasive essay samples, also offer free videos on different persuasive techniques and how to apply these.Certain articles are often used by people to write essays. The types of subjects and topics that are read by students include psychology, politics, history, etc. Many of the topics that are written about in high school years are as popular with adults as well.The main purpose of a persuasive essay is to persuade others. The major benefit of a persuasive essay is that it can use either of two methods: persuasive language or persuasive argument. Using the best of both, the essay will speak more eloquently than a weak argument. The ability to create a strong argument in your essay can give you an edge over a rival student.Before searching for a persuasive essay sam ple, it is important to know that there are many different options available. Before choosing a company to create one for you, make sure that they have experience in creating persuasive essays. While some companies may be experienced at writing a persuasive essay, the result may not be exactly what you want.Research is a powerful tool in the internet marketing world. A search engine site should have a wide range of topics to choose from. After researching the various topics, you should find a topic that has the highest degree of popularity among the search engines. You should then begin writing a persuasive essay.To avoid boredom or frustration, you should also consider incorporating a persuasive essay into your marketing campaign. Writing persuasive essays is an excellent way to promote your product or service, as it has a great effect on the reader.Creating a persuasive essay is simple to do, but the outcome depends greatly on the topic. Once you know the topic that you want to wr ite about, all you need to do is choose a website that offers persuasive essay samples and choose a topic that you feel comfortable writing about. You can research a topic using the search engines, or you can visit forums dedicated to your topic.It is important to remember that a persuasive essay is nothing but an essay, written from your own point of view. It should express your own opinions, feelings, and point of view on a specific topic. Once you have chosen a topic and created a persuasive essay sample, you should make sure that you understand how to properly format the essay and prepare for the presentation of your arguments.

Examples Of Policy Position Paper - 1571 Words

Policy Position Paper Signature Assignment All Americans require assurance and protection measures to shield their daily lives and healthcare laws, government regulations, and approaches do only that. The United States government manages these requirements with the expectation of enhancing the strength of the general population while building up the tools, alongside resources and programs to associate in the conveyance of medical care services. The Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (HIPAA) alongside the security law have affected preventive care services and how it is conveyed. HIPAA was intended to guarantee that the suitable systems were actualized to protect patients data while getting care. The benchmarks for†¦show more content†¦With a specific end goal to hold fast to the HIPAA law strategies must be executed by medical facility chairmen for all healthcare workforce and offices to take after as required by law. In light of all the new advances in innovation alongside patient(s) winding up increasingly included with their wellbeing and treatment, HIPAA made ready for everybody to feel secure while giving and getting care. HIPAA law and strategy are of second nature to each other since it assigns a vast number of data, for example, medicinal records, individual data, and healthcare plans. Health experts and other taking an interest healthcare suppliers are changing their strategies to guarantee that patient data is conveyed in a protected, safe setting. Access frameworks store healthcare data notwithstanding actualizing a framework so patient(s) can get to their medical records safely. Required warning ought to be conveyed concerning strategy and techniques joined by a reimbursement statement must be present with sees being sent to all interested parties. Differentiate legislative versus institutional policies in health care The healthcare policy is influenced by the governing body which implies that the legislature in medical care whether it concerns new medications, security, or the protection of a patient that the authoritative staff is there to help battle the issue. The government body assumes a significant part in planning state healthcare plan Weissert, (2000). The focal areaShow MoreRelatedDealing with Homelessness in Australia Essay examples1400 Words   |  6 Pagestalk about the Government’s role in preventing homelessness and the AASW view on the current social problem. An example of how human service delivery organisation are impacted by current political and society’s view. Homelessness has a face and now more than ever society must ensure that the Government fulfils promise made to all of its citizens. To understand the Australian Social Policy on Homelessness and service delivery of today, society needs to look back into the 1800’s.As early as about 1830Read MoreBirch Paper Company1521 Words   |  7 PagesBirch Paper Company Internal Environmental Analysis What they do? – Birth Paper Company is a medium sized, partly integrated paper company, producing white and kraft papers and paperboard. They also convert paperboard into corrugated boxes with printing and colour on the outside surface. Where they operate? – Birch operates 4 production divisions for paper, paperboard, and corrugated boxes as well as a timberland division to supply part of the company’s pulp requirements. How well areRead MoreThe Effect Of New Media On The Position Paper1705 Words   |  7 PagesThe Effect of New Media on the Position Paper Written in the Department of State Introduction The United States Department of State was founded on July 27, 1789. 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I n this article, he praisedRead Moresyllabus1129 Words   |  5 Pagesï » ¿Northeastern University TSMG 5340 - Telecommunications Public Policy and Business Management Thursday 6:00PM –9:30PM Forsyth Building Rm 237 Fall 2014 9/4th –12/11th Instructor Dick Lush Email -r.lush@neu.edu or dick.lush@gmail.com , phone -508-695-6034 If Class is cancelled – see announcement Course Material Course Pack at Harvard Business Publishing- https://cb.hbsp.harvard.edu/cbmp/access/2808663 See detailed instructions under Course Material TAB. There are Read MoreThe Impact Of Technological Change On Employment Essay1096 Words   |  5 Pagesbe a cause of structural unemployment. A company may require new technology skills that are not met by the candidates in the area, so sometimes the employer decides to relocate certain jobs somewhere else where people are more qualified. Another example is when technology and automation in production causes loss of jobs as well. Also, a company may decide to move its office or production somewhere else (overseas), where the cost of labor is more convenient. All of these situations generate an increaseRead MoreEssay on Leaders vs Managers1234 Words   |  5 PagesVs Managers Steven Powell MGT 380 Ms. Alysia Young July 12, 2010 There is the age old question of what is the difference between a manager and a leader? Most people will say that you can’t be a manager without being a leader. In this paper, I will discuss in detail, what is it that leaders and managers do, can leaders and managers be one in the same, as well as, explain the difference between managers and leaders. Most successful businesses usually consisted of a team of successfulRead MoreEthics and Communication Reflection Paper1274 Words   |  6 Pagespatient education which was not completely addressed. 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Analysis Of George Orwell s 1984 - 923 Words

1984, is a book written by George Orwell giving the reader a view of what a dystopian government would be like. The government of Oceania controls the lives of it’s citizens; posters of a figure known as â€Å"Big Brother† are seen all over and emphasize that he is always watching it’s citizens. The government enforces rules and regulations amongst it’s citizens, restricting them from giving their own opinion or even opposing the government. Thoughtcrime, face crime, and double think are all strictly prohibited. Various techniques and strategies are used by the Thought Police in order to catch and punish those who oppose the ideas of the government. The tactics that are used in this novel are correspondent to the ones our government uses today. These tactics are used to protect the United State’s citizens in order to ensure their safety. Issues arise when a government begins to abuse the power they are given and intrude citizen’s privacy whi ch is unethical. Opposition to the government of Oceania is intolerable. The government has various methods for catching those who disagree with the ideas pressed among it’s citizens. In 1984 the Thought Police placed telescreen monitors throughout public places including individuals homes allowing them to tap in at anytime to listen or watch citizens. The telescreen can only be be shut on and off by the government, ensuring surveillance can be in effect any time necessary. Today in the US, government agencies such as the National SecurityShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984848 Words   |  4 PagesCritical Analysis In the George Orwell’s novel 1984, much of the society is watched and have no privacy of any kind. Every person in the Party is under surveillance. In effect, these people cannot live freely and independently, but it seems to be an impossible task because of of the Party surveillance, and how they limit thinking and manipulate reality. We can similarly see these concerns and their effects in today s society and the ways the novel also acts as a warning for the future. In 1984 a manRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 19841423 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel 1984 by George Orwell, the Party has many strategies and tactics that help them have complete control of the people of Oceania. The control the Party has maintained gives them the ability to manipulate people as a result. The Party takes away the people’s freedom to have a say in their government and become their own person. They use their power to an extreme against the people rather than to help the people. The Party takes advantage of every opportunity to instill fear in the citizensRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 949 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"1984† is a story which takes place in what was then the future of England. The book illustrates a dystopian society in which a government figure named â€Å"Big Brother† rules above all. 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The Professor Watchlist’sRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 19841377 Words   |  6 Pagesvarious types of governments, such include democracy, oligarchy, and more specifically, totalitarian. A totalitarian government gains extensive amounts of control and power over all of their people, and dominate over every aspect of their lives. George Orwell’s â€Å"1984,† conveys to its readers how the government presented totalitarianism and obtained control over their citizens. This action by the government compares to the massacre of the Holocaust, which portrayed the act of totalitarianism by aiming discriminationRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 19841029 Words   |  5 Pages Imagine a world where everything you knew had to be forgotten, and you knew nothing more then what was being told to you. In George Orwell’s book 1984 this is exactly the case. Winston Smith, a m iddle aged man, lives a life already planned for him. Smith works at the Ministry of Truth rewriting the news and other articles to follow the teachings of Big Brother. Big Brother is the leader of Oceania, one of three world powers, and aims to rewrite the past to control the present. Oceania is separatedRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 Essay1127 Words   |  5 Pagesfirst civilizations of mankind, yet it is difficult find one that is perfect even till today. George Orwell shows an example of this within 1984. 1984 was written based on what Orwell thought the government would be like in 1984. He used his personal knowledge and experience with the government to create his story. The setting of 1984 is set in a superstate where there is a totalitarian government. Within 1984 and the 21st century one major key stands out: corruption rules both governments. Trust isRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 19841026 Words   |  5 PagesIn 1984, by George Orwell violence contributed to the plot by having three stages of reintegration. The stages are to learn, understand, and to accept, Winston was forced to learn that 2+2=5 under torture, understanding that the party is good, and seeks power for its own. Winston accepts and understands the Party and Big Brother as soon as Winston wishes the burden of torture on someone else who he loves, and to learn that Big Brother is eternal and that 2+2=5, Winston then is committed and loyalRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 1122 Words   |  5 Pagesfreedom. A growing debate concerning Orwell’s 1984 relevancy is quickly on the rise. Orwell’s fear of a totalitarian society led him to write this book as he lived during the totalitarian movement in Russia. The fear of a totalitarian society spreading sparked his fear and wrote this book to make people understand that it is not benef icial to society. I feel that with the the National Security Agency in the United States, the issue and relevancy of 1984 has never been higher. The public is discoveringRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s 1984 1608 Words   |  7 Pagespossibility of intrusion that makes one ask themselves, how close is our society to becoming one where every action is monitored? How close is the idea of western civilization to becoming a police state, such as in North Korea, or the one in George Orwell’s novel, ‘1984’? North American society is drifting towards becoming a police state at an ever increasing rate. This is shown in how North Americans are slowly losing their rights, the police force acting above the law, and the monitoring of citizens

Macroeconomic Cash Reserve Ratio Free Essays

string(35) " its clients on SHORT t erm loans\." mrunal. org http://mrunal. org/2012/08/econ-crr. We will write a custom essay sample on Macroeconomic Cash Reserve Ratio or any similar topic only for you Order Now html [Economy] Cash Reserve Ratio (CRR) Controversy between SBI RBI: meaning, implication on Economy Explained 1. What is CRR? 2. What is Scheduled Commercial Bank? 3. Examples of Scheduled Commercial Banks 1. Case # 1: High CRR and SLR 2. Case # 2: Low CRR and SLR 4. Repo Rate 5. Reverse Repo Rate 6. Bank Rate 7. What is the need of all these CRR,SLR,Repo rates? 8. What is the problem with CRR? 9. How much CRR deposit does RBI have? 10. What does SBI want? 11. Deputy Governor of RBI 12. Timeline of Events 13. Mock Questions Before proceeding further, do read the earlier articles on 1. Statutory Liquidity Ratio (SLR) 2. Cost Push Inflation 3. Demand Pull Inflation What is CRR? CRR means Cash Reserve Ratio. Banks in India are required to hold a certain proportion of their total deposits with RBI in cash form. Right now, CRR is about 4. 75% that means if people deposit total Rs. 100 in SBI, then SBI would have to deposit Rs. 4. 75 in RBI. This is CRR or Cash Reserve Ratio. CRR rule doesnot apply to Regional Rural Banks, Non Banking Financial Companies (NBFC), Mutual funds or insurance companies. What is Scheduled Commercial Bank? Scheduled banks are those banks which have been included in the second schedule of the Reserve bank of India act of 1934. The banks included in this schedule list should fulfill two conditions. 1. The paid capital and collected funds of bank should not be less t han Rs. 5 lakhs. 2. Any activity of the bank will not adversely affect the interests of depositors [hahaha, does it mean Non-scheduled banks are allowed to adversely affect the interests of depositors !? ] Examples of Scheduled Commercial Banks Public Sector Majority of stake is held by the government. 1. State Bank of India (SBI) 2. Punjab National bank (PNB) Private Sector Majority stakes are held by private players. 1. ICICI, 2. HDFC, 3. AXIS Bank Case #1: High CRR and SLR Suppose total deposit deposited in (by you and me) State Bank of India =Rs. 100 Total Deposit CRR: 15%SBI has to park this much amount of total deposit in RBI, without getting any interest. SLR: 38%SBI has to park this much amount of total deposit, in Government securities / treasury bonds. SBI earns around 7. % interest rate on this investment. click me for more on SLR Money left with SBI Rs. 100 -15 -38 100-1538=Rs. 47 Case #2: Low CRR and SLR Total Deposit CRR: 4. 75%SBI has to park this much amount of total deposit in RBI, without getting any interest. Rs. 100 -4. 75 SLR: 23%SBI has to park this much amount of total deposit, in Government securities / treasury bonds. SBI earns around 7. 5% interest rate on this investment. Money left with SBI -23 1 00-4. 7523=Rs. 72. 25 In either case, as long as you’re running a bank, you’ll have some input costs such as 1. Salary to Bank PO , Clerks, peons and security guards (With rusted guns) 2. Office rent 3. ATM machine’s electricity and maintenance. 4. Newspaper advertizements. To pay above salary and bills, SBI would need to maintain certain amount of profit margin, no matter what RBI does with CRR,SLR or Repo Rate. In Case# 1, when SBI has only Rs. 47 in the hands, what can it do to keep the profit margin same? Obviously SBI will have to increase the interest rates on car,home,bike,business loans given to customers. In case# 2, when SBI has Rs. 72, what can it do? Here the situation is not that bad. So, SBI chief would decrease the interest rates on car,home,bike,business loans to seduce more customers. We already discussed this- SBI has more money so it can cut down interest rates and suffer temporary reduction in profit, in order to seduce more customers (compared to ICICI) So once SBI has reduced the interest rates, other banks will need to reduce their interest rates, to stay in the competition. Repo Rate Let’s continue assuming the Case# 2, that SBI has only Rs. 72. 25 left in its locker. SBI chief comes to know that recently Samsung Company has launched Galaxy S3 mobile so plenty of youngsters may want to buy it because of the advertisements that appear on TV channels 24/7 Thus there will be demand for more personal loans (EMI) or credit card based shopping. But SBI got only Rs. 72. 25. So SBI chief would borrow some more money from RBI @8% interest rate and then re-lend this money to customers as personal loan @16% (and thus aking a killing profit of 16-8=8%) or he can supply money to customers for Credit Card shopping, and in that case he can earn interest rate anything between 16-37% or even more (depending on hidden terms and conditions of credit card. ) This 8% : the rat e @which RBI lends short t erm loans t o client s, is called Repo Rat e. Reverse Repo Rate As the name suggests, Reverse repo rate is â€Å"reverse† of Repo rate. So, if SBI chief feels there is n ot enough demand for loans and most of those 72. 25 Rupees are sitting idle, he’ll deposit some of that cash, in RBI. RBI will pay SBI chief 7% interest rate on such deposit. Thus, Reverse repo rate is the interest rate which RBI pays its client s* for their shortterm deposits. Note: Reverse Repo Rate is automatically kept 1% less than Repo rate according to new RBI rules. [Since Nov. 2010, Reverse Repo rate is constantly 1% less than Repo]. Side Question Why would SBI chief put his money in RBI? Because on your normal savings account in SBI, the chief pays you around 4% interest rate, while RBI is giving him 7% Reverse repo rate, so he’s making a profit of 3%. Bank Rate Bank rate is the interest rate which RBI charges from its clients* for their LONG-t erm loans. Recall that Repo Rate = RBI charge that much interest from its clients on SHORT t erm loans. You read "Macroeconomic Cash Reserve Ratio" in category "Papers" *Who’re the clients of RBI? 1. Union Government 2. State Government 3. NABARD (through that money goes to Microfinance companies and Regional Rural Banks) 4. Commercial Banks (SBI, ICICI etc) 5. Non Banking Financial Companies (NBFC) like Muthoot Finance and Mannapuram Gold Loans. (^list is not exhaustive. ) please not e: 1. Bank Rate, Repo Rate and Reverse Repo Rate applies to all Clients of RBI. . The CRR,SLR applies to Commercial Banks. (including Urban Cooperative banks but excluding Regional Rural Banks) What is the need of all these CRR,SLR,Repo rates? RBI’s main job = control inflation by controlling money supply in the market. Too much money in the market =easy to get loans= not good. Because It’ll create i nflation. [Demand Pull] Too less money in the market= again not good, because businessmen find it hard to get loans, thus input cost of production increases= not good for economy either and it’ll create inflation. Cost push] Therefore, RBI will increase/decrease these CRR, SLR and Repo Rates according to the situation in order to adjust the money supply in market and thus control inflation. [Monetary policy] Nowadays RBI doesn’t touch Bank rate much and mostly relies on Repo rate to control the money supply. CRR and SLR are also not changed as frequently as Repo rate. And Reverse repo rate is automatically kept 1% less than Repo rate, so that makes Repo rate the â€Å"most f requent ly used t ool† in RBI’s monetary policy, in last two years. Apart from that, CRR,SLR and Repo Rate also help those competitive magazine wallas to fill up pages with ridiculously unimportant data tables to make your life more miserable. What is the problem with CRR? How much CRR deposit does RBI have? In July 2012 [all approximate numbers] Total Deposits in all Scheduled Commerical banks (SBI,ICICI etc) CRR: 4. 75%Banks have to keep this much amount of total deposits in RBI. Interest earned by SBI/ICICI etc on CRR deposits made in RBI 65 lakh crores 65 lakh crores x 4. 75%=around 3 Lakh crores sitting idle in RBI lockers. lakh crores x 0% = Rs. 0 If SBI/ICICI etc. could lend these 3 lakh crores (CRR deposits) to customers @10%, they could easily earn Rs. 30,000 crores in interest payment. Thus, CRR makes a huge difference in the profit of banks. UK, Canada, Sweden, Australia and New Zealand donot have CRR system in any form. In USA, there is graded system i. e. small banks don’t need to maintain any CRR with their central bank. While â €Å"big† banks would need to maintain CRR Deposit according to their size. Side Question: How â€Å"bigâ€Å"? Answer: no need to do Ph. D on that question trail. By the way, USA’s RBI (Central Bank) is known as Federal Reserve syst em and commonly known as â€Å"Feds†. So sometimes while randomly surfing through BBC/CNN you might come across lines like â€Å"Market boomed /crashed after Feds cut down the rates† they’re talking about USA’s RBI changing their repo, SLR etc. rates Interestingly, USA’s RBI (Feds) pays interest on the CRR deposits, while India’s RBI doesn’t pay any interest on CRR deposits. What does SBI want? Recently SBI Chairman Pratip Chaudhari said that CRR does not help anyone and it is unfair to apply it only on banks. Even if CRR is required why should it be on banks alone? There are a number of institutions that raise funds from the public – insurance companies, mutual funds and NBFCs so CRR should be applicable to all. Because of CRR, every year we lose Rs. 3,500 crore. Pratip Chaudhari = Chairman of SBI In India, Businessmen get loan @11 per cent while that for a Chinese equipment manufacturer gets loan in his country for only 4 per cent. So CRR= less money in market= higher interest rate= increases the input cost of Indian products. Deputy Governor of RBI On SBI chief Pratip Chaudhari’s demand for removal of CRR, the Deput y Governor of RBI K C Chakrabart y, replied that if the SBI Chairman is not able to do business as per our regulatory environment, he has to find some other place. On this [rude] comment of Chakrabarthy, SBI chief Pratip Chaudhari replied, (doesn’t matter what anyone says) I wanted to start a debate on CRR in the public domain, so let that debate happen. Timeline of Events Early 90s 1992 1996 1999 2007 CRR used to be as high as 15% and SLR used to be as high as 38. %, thus making life of businessmen and aam juntaa difficult. RBI introduces system of Repo rate. RBI introduces the system of Reverse Repo Rate RBI st art s paying interest rates to banks, on CRR deposits. Sub Prime Crisis in USA RBI st ops paying interest rates to banks on CRR deposits. 2010 Eurozone Crisis. For more on that topic, Click ME High inflation, RBI starts increasing Repo rate to fix it. 2011 Throughout the year, RBI keeps increa sing Repo Rate to combat inflation. Repo rates gets as high as 8. 50%. August 2012 SBI chief Pratip Chaudhari demands removal of CRR. He has been doing it since a long time, even in 2011 seminars] So, This CRR removal news topic would have faded away just like it did in 2011, had the RBI deputy governor not replied on SBI chief’s statement. But RBI Deputy governor did, so the media blows the news out of proportion that â€Å"RBI snubs SBI chairman. † And thus the Innocent aspirants of UPSC, bank and MBA exams, are forced to learn one more topic i. e. CRR controversy. By the way, during this time, 1. 2. 3. 4. Bank Rate=9% Repo =8% (reverse repo would be obviously 8-1=7%) CRR=4. 75% SLR=23% Mock Questions Q1. Which of t he f ollowing st at ement s are incorrect ? 1. The NBFCs are required to maintain CRR deposits with RBI. 2. RBI pays interest rates on CRR deposits. 3. An Increase in CRR would decrease the liquidity from the market. 4. At present, Bank Rate Repo Rate Reverse Repo Rate. Q2. Which of t he f ollowing st at ement s are correct ? 1. Repo rate is the interest rate paid by RBI to banks on short term deposits. 2. A decrease in repo rate will increase the home loan interest rates. 3. HDFC is a Non-scheduled Commercial bank. 4. SLR is always 20% higher than CRR. Q3. What were the steps taken by RBI in its monetary policy during 2011 to control inflation in India. Do you think RBI achieved its objective? Give reasons to justify your stand. (Mains) Q4. If you were the RBI Governor, what steps would to take regarding the CRR issue? (interview) Ref: 1. Indian Economy by Ramesh Singh (Tata McGraw hill Publication) 2. http://moneylife. in/article/cash-reserve-ratio-a-non-performing-asset-forbanks/28066. html 3. http://www. indianexpress. com/news/cut-crr-to-fuel-positive-sentimentchaudhuri/980459/0 4. http://www. allbankingsolutions. com/DATA. htm August 30th, 2012 | Category: Economy How to cite Macroeconomic Cash Reserve Ratio, Papers

WEST SIDE STORY IS DIFFERENT FROM ROMEO AND JULIET Essay Example For Students

WEST SIDE STORY IS DIFFERENT FROM ROMEO AND JULIET Essay IN MANY WAYSLaurences West Side story is an apparition of Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet. West Side Story and Romeo and Juliet differ in many ways. Romeo and Juliet is set in Verona in about 1594. West Side Story takes in New York City in 1957. Tony is the modern character of Romeo and Maria is the modern character of Juliet. In the two tragedies the major conflict is two opposing families, or gangs, do not agree of the relationship of their child. This conflict was resolved in a very tragic manner, one of the two couples killed themselves the other couple just one got killed. When the death of the persons happened is brought the two foes together. West Side Story and Romeo and Juliet is indeed different in many ways. We will write a custom essay on WEST SIDE STORY IS DIFFERENT FROM ROMEO AND JULIET specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Three incidents show Romeo and Juliet and West Side Story differs from one another. The first thing shows the difference between Maria and Juliet, and Romeo and Tony. When Juliet finds that her lover Romeo is dead Juliet kills herself. Maria does not kill herself but instead she puts her sadness into treating the two gangs with a gun. When Romeo finds Juliet supposedly dead he drinks poison to kill himself too. Chino killed Tony because Chino was in love with Maria but so was Tony. This is just one way that Romeo and Juliet differ from West Side Story. Another way the two stories differ is the wealth of the two families, or gangs. At the beginning of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare describes the Montagues and the Capulets houses. The size of the two houses shows how wealthy the families are. In West Side Story the author only tells about the Sharks dwelling. The Sharks live in an apartment which shows that the Sharks are not wealthy. The Sharks and the Jets are very poor compared to the Capulets and the Montagues. Swords were used in Romeo and Juliet and guns were used in West Side Story. The reason guns were used in West Side Story was to make the story more modern. Swords were really used in the time of Romeo and Juliet. These are just a few ways that Romeo and Juliet differ from West Side Story. In conclusion Romeo and Juliet are different from West Side Story in many ways. They are different from the characters to the time the two stories took place. Because West Side Story is more modern than Romeo and Juliet, it must be a little different for the story sound good.

Why Running is the Best Sport Essay Essays

Why Running is the Best Sport Essay Essays Why Running is the Best Sport Essay Paper Why Running is the Best Sport Essay Paper A great fraction of people on the planet play a sport. Most people prefer to play a team sport to satisfy their needs and for many social reasons. However, although running is not a team sport, it is the best sport out there. Running is the best sport ever because its a way to keep your body in shape, it gives you a great rush after youre finished and because it improves your health. Running is the best sport because it is a great way to keep your body in shape. The sport keeps you up and owing, when commitment is shown. Instead of being a couch potato and watching television every night, a scheduled routine for a daily run could be substituted. Not many people see running as a workout, but It Is. A short, 20 minute easy run can already burn 250 calories. If running becomes a regular activity, those workouts can lead to tremendous changes In weight. Lastly, running Is a great way to train for other sports such as soccer, hockey, baseball, and even basketball. Once your body Is use to the fast pace, heavy breathing and an Increased heart rate type of workout, Its owing to be prepared for any other type of activity involving fast pace, heavy breathing and an increased heart rate. In conclusion, running has many ways it can keep your body in shape. In addition to keeping your body in shape, running can give you an exceptional rush once its completed. A run can make you feel like you accomplished something, whether its beating a previous time or Just simply finishing the run. These things can really make you feel confident and put you in a better mood. Running can also clear your mind after a long day. Some people say they lose themselves thinking during their run, which helps them flush out any thoughts in their head. The addition of the great outdoors Is also a way running makes you feel good. Fresh alarm Is proven to relieve stress and Its great for your body. So, running can be the answer to making you feel better and be a way to clear your mind. The fact that running improves your health is another reason why running is the best sport out there. Running has been proven to help lower blood pressure by maintaining the elasticity of the arteries. As a person runs, his or her arteries expand and contract more than usual, keeping the arteries elastic and the blood pressure low. Running also helps maximize the lungs potential, as it keeps them strong and powerful. While deep breaths force the lungs to use more tissue, the 50% of normally unused lung potential is utilized. Finally, running strengthens the heart and helps prevent heart attacks. The large muscle exercise helps keep the cardiac system efficient and strong. In fact, the heart of an Inactive person beats 36,000 more times ACH day than that of a runner, as running keep the arteries open and the blood flowing smoothly. Therefore, running Is a way to Improve your blood pressure, lung potential and strengthen your heart. In the end, there are many factors that contribute to making running the best sport ever. Keeping you In snaps, Glenn you an exceptional Russ Ana Tanat Its a way to improve your health is why running is such an amazing, world-wide sport. So when thinking about playing another sport, consider running, as it can change your life forever.

18 Funny St. Patricks Day Quotes and Toasts

18 Funny St. Patrick's Day Quotes and Toasts Irish people love to joke about themselves, and their love for alcohol has long been a theme in St. Patricks Day humor- and their own good-natured ribbing of each other. Get a taste of the Irish sense of humor with these funny St. Patricks Day quotes, and use these toasts the next time youre in your favorite pub with friends. Irish Blessing May the Good Lord take a liking to you...but not too soon! May the Lord keep you in his hand and never close his fist too tight. Author Unknown Saint Patrick was a gentlemanWho through strategy and stealthDrove all the snakes from IrelandHeres a drinkee to his health!But not too many drinkeesLest we lose ourselves and then...Forget the good Saint PatrickAnd see them snakes again! Anyone acquainted with Ireland knows that the morning of St. Patricks Day consists of the night of the 17th of March flavored strongly with the morning of the 18th. Daryl Stout Why should you never iron a 4-leaf clover? You dont want to press your luck. Irish Saying There are only two kinds of people in the world, The Irish and those who wish they were. There are many good reasons for drinking,One has just entered my head.If a man doesnt drink when hes living,How in the hell can he drink when hes dead? An Irishman is never drunk as long as he can hold onto one blade of grass to keep from falling off the earth. Charles M. Madigan St. Patrick- one of the few saints whose feast day presents the opportunity to get determinedly whacked and make a fool of oneself all under the guise of acting Irish. St. Patricks Day Toast Here’s to a long life and a merry one.A quick death and an easy oneA pretty girl and an honest oneA cold beer- and another one! Irish Toast It is better to spend money like theres no tomorrow than to spend tonight like theres no money! May you die in bed at 95 years, shot by a jealous husband (or wife). May the sound of happy music, And the lilt of Irish laughter, fill your heart with gladness, that stays forever after. May your glass be ever full.May the roof over your head be always strong.And may you be in heaven half an hour before the devil knows youre dead. When we drink, we get drunk.When we get drunk, we fall asleep.When we fall asleep, we commit no sin.When we commit no sin, we go to heaven.So, lets all get drunk, and go to heaven! May you always have a clean shirt, a clear conscience, and enough coins in your pocket to buy a pint! May the winds of fortune sail you, may you sail a gentle sea, may it always be the other guy who says This drinks on me. May your doctor never earn a dollar out of you and may your heart never give out. May the 10 toes of your feet steer you clear of all misfortune, and before youre much older, may you hear much better toasts than this.

Marketing analysis - industries, trends and competition Thesis

Marketing analysis - industries, trends and competition - Thesis Example (Charles, 100) Some of the services offered by contractors are professional services that have been traditionally offered by A/E consultants for a long time. A/E consultants, faced with contractors taking away a large slice of the professional service pie, must defend their market shares, and expand their service base. This expansion will require A/H consultants to add new non-traditional services specifically tailored to the front end and back ends of M. Charles. Congress Approves New Design/Build Law. (Civil Engineering 2006) Pg100. the project cycles. Services in these segments include financing assistance, permitting, regulatory assistance, life cycle cost analysis, operation and maintenance (O&M) and renovation services. Marketing professional and construction services in the new millennium is not a simple task anymore. Architects in the past have relied heavily on their reputation and name recognition to get jobs. Consulting engineers relied on the 80/20 rule (80 percent of bus iness comes from 20 percent of clients), to drum-up business, and general contractors fell back on low bids in competitive bidding. (Friednian, 173) These techniques have worked in the past. However, recent shift in the project delivery system, and advancement in communication technology, necessitate that corporations look closely at their marketing efforts in the 21st Century. As general contractors move into the professional service arena, they seize market shares from A/E consultants. A/E consultants must react in any of the following three ways. They must reinforce existing market niche (services and clients). Develop marketing plans focused on client's retention (holding to market shares). Restructure their organizations to offer flexibility in the people and services (new services). The US construction market is a sizable lucrative market, and presents unique opportunities for foreign firms to set up local subsidiaries to actively pursue work. There Friednian, W. Construction Marketing and Strategic Planning. McGraw-Hill, Inc., NY. 2004, Pg172-173. are indications that foreign firms have successfully penetrated the heavy civil and highways public works markets in California, Massachusetts, and Florida. Forensic Construction Forensic construction involves the utilization of science in making decisions for legal disputes about buildings that have been constructed; chiefly involve the kind and quality of the building material, style and labor job. (Humphreys, 02) The design/build method, at-risk construction management, and the build-operate transfer (BOT) methods, have emerged as innovative alternatives to the competitive bidding method to deliver projects on time and on budget. This has resulted in a major shift in project delivery, challenging the conventional thinking, revolutionizing procurement of projects, and redefining the construction process. Trends for the 21st century are: Paradigm shift in the project delivery system. Refocus on the front end and back ends of project cycle. The construction market is becoming a service marketplace, rather than a commodity marketplace. Emphasis on life cycle costs (LCC), and total costs of a project. K, Humphreys.K. Jelen's Cost and Optimization Engineering, McCraw Hill, Inc., NY. 2008. Pg 1-2. Emphasis on value of

Operation Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 1

Operation Management - Essay Example The QMS shall also provide the parameters for quality service while performance monitoring of each of the processes shall be through the process’ key performance indicators. Any flaw or parameter that fails to satisfy the accepted threshold of the performance indicator shall be subject to a root cause analysis to determine a corrective or preventive solution. The QMS requires regular review to ensure that the organization remains focus and faithful to its objective. The hotel employee’s performance shall be subject to evaluation by using the key performance indicator’s root cause analysis. For QMS, the hotel guest’s or patron’s feedback, comment or opinion is accorded greater weight as it will not only change how the hotel will conduct its business but it will equally show how the hotel value their guest’s and patron’s point of view with regard to the hotel’s operation. ... The marriage of technology and human ingenuity are very much apparent in the hotel industry by deploying an Enterprise Resource Planning system. As applied to the hotel industry, it would ensure excellent customer experience from their reservation up to their next visit. The deployment of a Customer Relationship Management System would ensure that all issues are addressed and monitored and shall similarly ensure that the business is properly guided on how to become customer centric. However, technology will not work on its own as its success will be dependent on the employees who use the system and those who will execute the work instructions recommended by the system. A framework that will capitalize on the strength of the employee enabled by technology shall be the onus of this paper. The sole purpose of which is to ensure the customer focused operation of the hotel while practicing processes that feed on continual improvements to manage the bottom line. Using these strategies, Lea dership in the industry and profitability should not be far behind. METHODOLOGY The valuable discussions in Operation Management have been the inspiration by this writer to seek out more knowledge in pursuit of excellence. Thus, it led to the discovery that the concepts presented herein have been in existence for some time, and various authors not only wrote extensively on the subjects but they have exhaustively been part of its continual improvement so to speak. Capitalizing from the experiences of these management gurus and the erudite deliberation in Operations Management this author therefore recommend a more comprehensive examination of the Hotel’s Customer Service. Using the ISO 9001:2008 Quality Management System framework, this author

English Settlers of the Chesapeake Region and New England Essay

English Settlers of the Chesapeake Region and New England Although New England and the Chesapeake region were both settled largely by people of English origin, by 1700 the regions had evolved into two distinct societies. As English settlements in North America began to progress, social, economical, and religious ideas divided the English immigrants. The settlers journeyed to North America to meet their individual needs and beliefs. Whether they were fleeing to become wealthy or to escape religious pressures; all of these settlers came attempting to improve their lifestyles. The Chesapeake region and New England settlements proved how two English settlements could have differing societies. English origins seemed to be their only common trait. Life for the earliest Chesapeake settlers was brutal and deadly. Diseases such as malaria, dysentery and typhoid shortened life expectancy, while nearly half of the Virginia and Maryland settlers didn’t live to see their twentieth birthday. This frail Chesapeake region continued a slow growth primarily because a majority of the settlers were â€Å"single men in their late teens to early twenties†(Document C). Because of the overpopulation of men and the scarcity of women, families became sparse. However, despite the harsh beginnings of its society, the Chesapeake region continued to endeavor by acquiring an immunity to diseases and increasing birthrates. The Chesapeake region also held its own economic standards. When 120 men arrived in Jamestown on May 14th,1607 they relied on the hopes of discovering gold. Most of the settlers’ time was devoted to searches for gold instead of the stabilization of their... ...regularly preached in New England schools. They also included a religious attitude towards their economy. â€Å"This court †¦.in the interim recommends (that) all tradesmen and laborers consider the religious end of their callings.(Document E)† The Chesapeake region and New England societies differed mainly because of the ways their settlements were first organized and developed. The Chesapeake region began with a irresponsible development, which led to severe consequences. An overpopulation of men with desires to strike gold, slowed the settlements growth by making gold the only priority. New England, on the other hand, settled as families with family priorities and values. They developed well organized towns with Puritan teachings. Also, New Englanders used practical resources to begin the process of developing their economy.

Live in Essay

22 August 2008 – In January 2008, the Supreme Court validated long-term live-in relationships as marriages. A Supreme Court bench headed by Justice Arijit Pasayat with P Satasivan declared that children born out of such a relationship will no longer be called illegitimate. â€Å"Law inclines in the interest of legitimacy and thumbs down ‘whoreson’ or ‘fruit of adultery’,† the court added. The apex court judgment was followed by similar suggestions from the National Commission for Women (NCW). In June this year, in response to recommendations made by the Ministry of Women and Child Development, the NCW sought a change in the definition of ‘wife’ as described in Section 125 of the Criminal Procedure Code (CrPC), which deals with maintenance. The NCW recommended that women in live-in relationships should be entitled to maintenance if the man deserts her. Emphasising the need for broadening the definition of wife in the CrPC section, NCW officials said there had been cases where the man led the woman to believe that he was unmarried or was divorced or widowed and went ahead with the formalities required by marriage laws or the custom governing him. As a way of countering this, NCW chairperson Girija Vyas suggested that even if a marriage was not registered, a woman’s claim would stand if she provided enough proof of a long-term relationship. This underscored the Supreme Court’s stand that a man and woman, having lived together for long, would be presumed to have been married, unless it was rebutted by convincing evidence. Equal rights The recent ruling is only the latest in a series of recommendations by various bodies seeking equal rights for the married woman and live-in female partner. A recommendation by the Justice Malinath Committee to the Law Commission of India (2003) stated that if a woman has been in a live-in relationship for a reasonable time, she should enjoy the legal rights of a wife. The Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act (2005) provides protection to women at the hands of their husbands as well as live-in partners, and his relatives. When the law came into force in October 2006, it did not distinguish between the woman who is married and the woman who is in a live-in relationship. The SC ruling in itself has its precedent in a 1927 judgment made by the Privy Council, the Supreme Court’s predecessor in pre-independent India. In A Dinohamy v. WL Blahamy, the Council laid down a general principle: â€Å"Where a man and a woman are proved to have lived together as a man and wife, the law will presume, unless the contrary be clearly proved, that they were living together in consequence of a valid marriage and not in a state of concubinage. † The Council made significant additions to the 1927 ruling in 1929 in Mohabhat Ali Vs Mohammad Ibrahim Khan. It said: â€Å"The law presumes in favour of marriage and against concubinage when a man and woman have cohabited continuously for a number of years. For a live-in couple to be considered validly married, the court wanted evidence of cohabitation for a number of years, without specifying the minimum number of years. In Gokal Chand and Pravin Kumari (1952), the Supreme Court reiterated the 1929 principle. However, it added that though the presumption for a valid marriage between a live-in couple could be drawn from their long cohabitation, it wasn’t enough to earn the m legitimacy if the evidence of their living together was rebuttable. In this judgment, the apex court refused to recognise a live-in relationship, though the couple had lived together for some years before the pregnant woman decided to live alone with her child born out of a live-in relationship with the man. The rebuttal of a presumption in favour of a valid marriage, in this case, came from the child, who said she did not remember her father ever visiting her or her mother. In Badri Prasad (1978), the Supreme Court recognised a live-in relationship as a valid marriage, accusing the authorities of questioning a relationship 50 years after the couple had begun living together, and were treated as a married couple even by their relatives. The view from the courts A Madhya Pradesh High Court judgment in 1985 dealt with the case of Loli, who had lived for several years with Radhika Singh. Together they had five daughters and a son. The trial court dismissed the case made by Singh’s sister-in-law that Loli should not have property rights as she was just a mistress. The sister-in-law had sought her rights over the property, and contended that Loli had started living with Singh even when her first husband was alive, and therefore, there could not be a presumption of valid marriage. But the appellate court set aside the trial court’s order, a stand the Madhya Pradesh High Court also agreed with. This brings us to Payal Sharma Vs Superintendent, Nari Niketan, and others, in which a court stated in 2001 that a live-in relationship was not illegal. Sharma had moved the Allahabad High Court to be left to do her own bidding after being forced to live in a Nari Niketan at Agra, following her arrest, along with Ramendra Singh, with whom she had a live-in relationship. The Agra police arrested her and Singh on the basis of an FIR lodged by her father, accusing Singh, an already married man, of kidnapping Sharma. A resident of Kannauj district in Uttar Pradesh, Sharma produced documentary evidence, including her high school certificate, to prove that she was 21 years old. On the basis of this evidence, the court directed the authorities to set her free. Justice M Katju and Justice RB Mishra stated, â€Å"Petitioner Smt. Payal Sharma appeared before us and stated that she is above 21 years of age, which is borne out from the high school certificate which shows that her date of birth is 10. 7. 1980. Hence she is a major and has the right to go anywhere and live with anyone. In our opinion, a man and a woman, even without getting married, can live together if they wish to. This may be regarded as immoral by society, but is not illegal. There is a difference between law and morality. † Thus, a uniform view appears to emerge from the courts, when one looks at the history of cases on the question of live-in relationships. It appears that, by and large, legal sanction for live-in relationships is based on the assumption that they are not between equals, and therefore women must be protected by the courts from the patriarchal power that defines marriage, which covers these relationships too. Shades of grey But such protective sanction raises other questions, notably about the institution of marriage itself, for which there are no easy answers. Supposing a live-in relationship is between a man who is already married with children, and a single woman? In Payal Sharma, Ramendra Singh was a married man with children. Which woman’s ‘interest’ should the courts and law protect, and in doing so, can the apparent equality between married and unmarried couples be maintained? Live-in relationships also raise questions about legal stance towards bigamy. In spirit and essence, the Allahabad High Court judgement contradicts the law against bigamy for Hindus, both for men and women, which make it mandatory for a husband or wife to get a divorce before they can marry again. When bigamy is illegal – except for Muslims – in what sense can a live-in relationship be equal to a marriage, if either the man or the woman is already married? And how is it that a division bench of a High Court is able to pronounce a judgement that openly violates the social, legal and filial implications that bind the husband in a Hindu marriage, which includes living with the wife and children under the same roof? There’s also the question of ‘marriage-like’ protection for a woman who enters a relationship with someone she isn’t married to, by choice or circumstance. Does a female partner need the protection of legal standing equivalent to that of a wife, in a non-married relationship she entered into by choice or circumstance? To marry, or not to marry? Live-in relationships among urban, educated, upper-middle class young people began as a declaration of independence, as a way of keeping away from the ‘shackles’ of institutionalised marriages. In fact, it’s a willful rejection of the institution of marriage, of the stereotypes it engenders, and of the restrictions and inequalities it has come to stand for. But, legal sanction granted to a live-in relationship may put it back in the trap that live-in partners sought to evade in the first place. This legal sanction implies that live-in relationships are bound by the same rules of fidelity, commitment and economic stability that marriage is structured in. Social geographer Soma Das says that people who opt for live-in relationships do so because they do not believe in marriage. â€Å"If live-in relationships are treated on par with marriage, many young men and women may not really like to get into such open relationships. At the other end, ensuring maintenance and giving legal sanction to live-in relationships will not make the position of the female partner equal to that of the wife because social acceptance in Indian society will take a very long time. It still does not have a mindset that accepts the estranged female partner of a live-in relationship. † Psychologist Shenaz B Ilavia believes that live-in relationships are still confined to a marginal segment of society which she calls the elite, upper middle class. â€Å"Theoretically, it may sound like a better proposition than marriage, but very few people actually opt for it. A live-in relationship is not a substitute for marriage,† she says.

The Best Books About American Womens History