Canadian Income Inequality And Its Impact - 1007 Words

Canadian Income Inequality and Its Impact Sarah Pitre - 100 511 731 University of Ontario Institute of Technology Canada has always taken great pride in its health care system. Publicly funded, Medicare has helped many, but has also aided in masking one of this country’s largest growing problems. Income inequality is highly prevalent throughout Canada, affecting the health of its citizens, and over-burdening its health care system. The growing gap between incomes is largely in part to the economic neoliberalism taking place within Canada. The stress placed on lower and middle income families through various social determents of health is taking its toll on society and its individuals. The oppressed state of undermined†¦show more content†¦This income inequality started with Canada’s most recent recession, but as we left this recession income inequality continued to rise. The Gini coefficient is the most widely used measure of inequality, comparing the dispersion of income throughout a nations citizens. Over the past few years the Canadian Gini coefficient has been steadily increasing. In a study completed by Picot, G and Hou, F of Statistics Canada it was found that â€Å"Income inequality typically rises in recessions, as it did in the early 1980s and 1990s, and therefore might be expected to fall in economic expansions. But this did not occur in the late 1990s’ expansion, and this period instead displayed the largest rise income inequality in the past three decades.† This rise in income inequality continues to burden Canadian residents, increasing social determents of health within the country. The government has placed the responsibilities of housing, child care, education, retirement and much more on the individual. With all of the stress and responsibility placed on individuals, the Canadian government continues to make cuts to public expenditure on government aids. Depriving citizens of any safety nets and blaming them for being unable to acquire these underfunded social services. All of this stress has a significant impact on one’s overall health and wellness. From cancer to child mortality, nearly every

Essay about Criminological Theories - 1544 Words

There are many different aspects of criminal justice policy. One in particular is the different theories of crime and how they affect the criminal justice system. The Classical School of criminology is a theory about evolving from a capital punishment type of view to more humane ways of punishing people. Positivist criminology is maintaining the control of human behavior and criminal behavior. They did this through three different categories of Biological studies, which are five methodologies of crime that were mainly focused on biological theories, Psychological theories, which contains four separate theories, and the Sociological theories, which also includes four different methods of explaining why crime exists. The last theory is†¦show more content†¦Prisons for example, are a dominant sense of making the country feel safer because the criminals are being locked up. Also, the death penalty can be a form of deterrence towards other criminals because they are able to see what is happening to other criminals that commit the same types of crimes. Whether or not this does deter criminals from committing crimes is another story. The Positivist School of criminology began in the late 19th century and is still a part of society today. The Positivist School suggests that in order to control crime, you have to use scientific methods to look for the causes of crime. Some important developments the theory included were controlling human behavior, controlling criminal behavior, industrial revolutions, the emergence of modern science, and finally Darwins theory of evolution. Many assumptions had been made, but a few in particular stood out to be the most important. Theorists said that human nature is determined before you are even born. Also that it is differentiated which means that criminals are different from non-criminals. The five methodologies are based on biological characteristics that may cause the criminals to commit the crimes they based on certain characteristics. The first method is physiognomy. This judges character by facial features as well as physical features. It can be traced back to Anci ent Greece and Rome. The second isShow MoreRelatedDetermining the Cause of Bullying by Using Three Main Criminological Theories906 Words   |  4 Pagesindividual factors that affect bullying. The current study that will be discussed attempts to determine the cause of bullying by using three main criminological theories, which are general theory of crime, differential association theory, and general strain theory. Concentration will be placed on the conclusive data found from the use of general strain theory. Moon, Hwang, and McCluskey (2011) conducted a longitudinal study that consisted of analyzing data from two waves of questionnaires given outRead MorePersonal Criminological Theory890 Words   |  4 PagesPersonal Criminological theory To prevent crime, it is imperative that the law enforcement agencies and scholars examine why people commit crime. A number of theories have emerged and many still continue to be explored in exclusion and in combination to seek the best solutions that can ultimately reduce the types and the levels of crime. One such theory that is still being explored is social disorganization theory. According to this theory peoples tendency to take part in criminal activitiesRead MoreIntegrated Criminological Theories2451 Words   |  10 PagesIntroduction Criminological theories have come a long way from their origins; in ancient times it was believed that crimes were committed by people who were possessed by the devil, or women who practiced the dark art of witchcraft (Lilly, Cullen, Ball, 2011, pg 18). As the theories progressed into modern times, the theorist behind these criminological theories had only focused on one single cause behind criminality. Thanks to the work done by member of the Chicago School many of the new theories were ableRead MoreApplying Criminological Theory to Solve the Murder of Tigger Essay748 Words   |  3 PagesApplying criminological theory to a suspect’s anecdotal evidence can help to distinguish which suspect could be the possible offender. In this certain case, poor Tigger has been murdered and there are 3 possible suspects. Merton’s Anomie Theory will be applied to suspect number 1: Winnie The Pooh. Eysenck’s Theory will be applied to suspect number 2: Piglet and Social Bond T heory will be applied to suspect number 3: Eeyore. Merton’s Anomie theory works around the theory that a society or cultureRead MoreEssay on Criminological Theories13456 Words   |  54 PagesStudent Study Guide for Ronald L. Akers and Christine S. Sellers’ Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Applications Fourth Edition Prepared by Eric See Youngstown State University Roxbury Publishing Company Los Angeles, California 1 Student Study Guide by Eric See for Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Application , 4th Edition by Ronald L. Akers and Christine S. Sellers Copyright  © 2004 Roxbury Publishing Company, Los Angeles, CaliforniaRead MorePersonal Criminological Theory Paper1142 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Criminological Theory Paper Criminological Theory 3 February 2012 Personal Criminological Theory Paper Introduction Through out the years Criminologists has conducted a great amount of research and through that research Criminologist has developed different theories in order to better understand and explain criminal behavior. Theories try to help make sense out of many observations that are conducted presenting the facts of the principal that connects and explains the theories. If goodRead MoreThe Contribution Of Criminological Theory2187 Words   |  9 Pages With reference to two or more of the theories covered in this module, critically assess the contribution that criminological theory could make to our understanding of an issue of crime, justice or punishment. The way in which a society criminalises a persons actions has been, and still is, and heavily debated topic. From pre-enlightenment; where by crimes were seen as action against the natural order, to a more modern stance that the notion of crime in itself is socially constructed. CrimeRead MoreCriminological Theory and Burglary1796 Words   |  8 Pagesthe St. Louis area and gaining inside knowledge of these criminals’ daily lives and their crimes. This paper will address anomie and bond theories and how it relates to the offenders in this study and the socialization of these subjects into criminality and the street culture in which they live. Conventional Goals? According to Robert Merton’s anomie theory, people are not born criminals; they conform to the environment in which they live. Conventional means of reaching a goal are often moreRead MoreCriminological Theories Of Juvenile Violence845 Words   |  4 Pagesand other outside factors. Juvenile are in a period in their lives where countless aspects can influence the way they think, act, and even speak. Criminological theories have been created and tested to factor why juveniles partake in crime and why do they tend to be influenced to continuously break the law. Theories like micro, macro, and critical theories assisted in creating a model towards explanation on why there is juvenile violence. According to Bushman et al., â€Å"youth homicide rates are 3 toRead MoreTheories And Rehabilitation Of The Criminological Theory Book By Frank Williams IIi And Marilyn D. Mcshane Essay862 Words   |  4 PagesCriminological theory paper: Ch.14 theories and Rehabilitation Chapter 14 of the Criminological Theory book by Frank Williams III and Marilyn D. McShane is dedicated to Contemporary theories of Process. Contemporary theories of process in this chapter include general strain theory, self-control theory and developmental life course theory. These three theories focus on â€Å"the importance of factors in early life† (Williams McShane 2014 Page 204). I believe the theories that are reviewed in this chapter

Social Media in the Workplace Free Essays

1. There are both advantages and disadvantages to social networking sites in the workplace. The main advantages include facilitating communication between employees which helps to enhance information transfer. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Media in the Workplace or any similar topic only for you Order Now Another key advantage to allowing social networking in the workplace is it increases business contacts by allowing an easy platform to communicate with potential customers and partners. The Society for Human Resource Management website, demonstrates my final point on why social media is beneficial in the workplace, they state â€Å"It improves business reputation and client base with minimal use of advertising. As social media sites continue to garner a huge amount of users, it has become more effective for companies to set up pages on these sites then to use traditional forms of advertising. Setting up a company page on Facebook and Twitter allows companies to advertise for free while attracting more potential customers then they ever could. There are also a few disadvantages associated with allowing social media sites in the workplace. First, social media exposes users to spam and virus attacks from hackers which could harm a company’s technology and infrastructure. Second, allowing employees to use social media sites opens up the possibility of negative attention since employees are a direct extension of the company. Inappropriate language or content on an employee’s page can be detrimental to that person’s employer. The final disadvantage to allowing social media in the workplace is it could potentially result in loss of productivity if employee’s abuse there privileges. ttp://www. shrm. org/TemplatesTools/hrqa/Pages/socialnetworkingsitespolicy. aspx 2. Considering both the advantages and disadvantages, I do believe employees should be permitted to access social media in the workplace. Social media websites like Facebook and Twitter can be extremely beneficial to companies that are trying to connect to more customers and opportunities. Also, many of the disadvantages of social media in the workplace can be remedied by placing rules on how employees can act on these sites. For instance, employers could restrict employees from checking Facebook more than once an hour, also employers could restrict employees from putting certain content on there social media sites especially things that could be damaging to the company. 3. To ensure that employees are not posting anything that could be destructive to the company, employers should monitor activities on social media sites. However if an employee uses Facebook or Twitter for personal reasons rather than business reasons, they should not be subject to monitoring. For those employees that do use social media for work, monitoring is necessary because content spreads rapidly on social media, so negative content needs to be deleted before the possibility of widespread outrage. 4. When I am on the clock, I do not use social media sites like Facebook and Twitter because I do not even use these sites when I am off the clock. I do not currently operate a Facebook or Twitter page for myself so I do not have the temptation of wanting to check it during work. How to cite Social Media in the Workplace, Essay examples

Ideal Body Types in Hong Kong free essay sample

?Topic: What are the ideal body types for men and women in Hong Kong society? In what ways are these body types perpetuated through mass media, technology, and medicine? According to Bartky (1999), is body modification a form of self-empowerment or self-punishment? Introduction Human body is one of the elements used to assess the attractiveness of a person. Since the aesthetics theory varies in different countries and regions due to different history and cultural background, the description of general accepted aesthetically pleasing body will be different between communities. In this essay, the discussion will be focus on the ideal body types in Hong Kong society, how they are promoted and affect the society. Also, body modification and its effect on individuals will be discussed base on the Sandra Bartky’s study. Ideal body types in Hong Kong Due to its special history, Hong Kong is at the cultural boundary between Western culture from England and Asian culture, especially Chinese culture. The hybrid culture makes the standard of ideal body type a mix of beauty concepts from different cultures. Affected by Western culture, men in Hong Kong often perceive a more muscular, heavy male body as being ideal. Bodybuilding mainly focuses on large muscular arms and chest, broad shoulders and slim waist. Fats and muscles should be distributed more on the upper body. The muscular body helps to deliver a sporty feeling and show that the man willing to take care of his own body and can maintain self-discipline for exercises. A masculine image is developed to attract others by the protection, resources and high social status showed by the regular trained body. Height is another factor that determines the physical attractiveness of a man. The volume-height-index is a reliable measure of body attractiveness for man. In Hong Kong, the optimal volume-height-index for man equals 17. 5 to 18 liters per square meter (THE PERFECT BODY MEASUREMENTS FOR MEN). Somehow affected by the man-taller norm, in Hong Kong taller man will be praised because of his height and it is often to hear someone being regarded as attractive since he is tall and handsome. A tall and muscular male can give a feeling of security to others. Besides of Western culture, the Asian culture also affects the concept of ideal body type for male in Hong Kong. Unlike in Western culture, which prefers more masculine traits such as chiseled jaw, defined cheekbones and broad forehead on the face, in Hong Kong less masculinity are preferred on male’s face. A face showing kids features such as supple skin will be preferred. Man’s face with feminine features is also praised by the public. Singer Leslie Cheung is a typical example of the preference on feminine face traits. In 1993, he played as a Chinese opera performer who was trained to paly female roles in the movie called â€Å"Farewell my Concubine† (Farewell My Concubine (film)). The movie was a great hit at that time and Leslie Cheung was praised by his acting and beautiful feminine appearance. Also affected by Japanese and Korean pop culture, where pop stars have muscular body and young, feminine face, the ideal body type or appearance of male in Hong Kong is to have a masculine body and a face with gentleness or even femininity. Women in Hong Kong mainly consider light weight and being slim as the ideal body type. The slimming trend becomes very popular in Hong Kong in the past few years. It is reported that more than half of respondents think they are overweight and show intention to lose weight (AC Nielsen, 2004). In 2011, there are about 280 slimming and weight control services providers in Hong Kong (InvestmentHK). Ideal body types and the society In Hong Kong, mass media plays an important role in the productions and publications of ideal body types. Slimming advertisements appear everywhere, magazines, newspapers and television programs. According to some estimation (A, 2006), 30% of the pages of entertainment magazines advertisements are directing at women, includes slimming advertisements. In these commercials, a particular female image which proposes ideal body equals slim. These advertisements often compare the attractiveness of a thin woman and fat woman in some recreational places and show that a slim woman has more advantage in attracting men and the spotlight in the event. Artists and idols from the entertainment industry often being the spokesperson of some slimming centers in Hong Kong. Joyce Cheng is an example and she aroused public attention and interest towards being slim. Her dieting diary was one of the best-selling books in the Book Exhibition 2004, selling 25,000 copies in just a few days (Sze, 2005). Besides of the advertisements from slimming centers, advertisements from fitness centers and gym rooms are abundant in Hong Kong society too. Muscular models are hired to film for the commercials. Cameras focus on the muscles and the body shape of the models. An image of muscular men is delivered through these advertisements. The Mr. Hong Kong Contest organized by the Television Broadcasts also shows the preference of muscular bodies in the Hong Kong society. In the beauty contest, when judges are required to evaluate the physical attractiveness of the contestants, muscular contestants usually will have a higher score. In the society, there are a lot of medical methods, drugs or food products claiming they can help users to achieve the ideal body types. Advertisements of these products can be seen everywhere and creating a trend in the society. Take slimming and dieting as example, many drugs, foods and drinks claim that they can burn fat or reduce hunger while the customers can still enjoy eating other foods. They organized large promotion campaign and tasting events to convince customers that they can have a slimming body easily by ingesting these products every day. Medical surgeries are another popular way in Hong Kong to achieve ideal body types. Plastic surgeon, Botox injection and other different types of medical techniques are used by Hong Kong citizens. To convince customers, doctors or biomedical scientists’ researches are quoted. Some companies also claim that they are authorized to do certain medical operations and customers are safe throughout the process. Body Modification, self-empowerment or self-punishment? According to Bartky (Bartky, 1999), the process of women being feminine seems painful. She mentioned that the feminine image is a result of patriarchal culture. Women must make themselves to meet the standard of beauty in men’s eyes. They are judged by a patriarchal other and they must do their best to be feminine. However, the effort they put in to provide a beautiful or sexy body only give them attention and some admiration. Bartky stated that being feminine cannot help the women to be respected by the society and increase their social power. Women are still being treated as â€Å"object and prey† for men. Men are still the owner and director of the society. Women are restricted to participate in construction of the society and their only goal is to be feminine and being the â€Å"sex object† of men. In this situation, the body modification of women to be feminine seems to be a kind self-punishment to them. However, in the past few decades, the society started to recognize the ability and importance of women. The role of women in society started to change and they can participate more to social activities and flow to the upper-class by their wisdom and experience. They can pursue personal advancement and make for living. In this situation, the body modification process becomes purely pursuit of beauty. Being feminine is not being â€Å"sex object† of men, but is a method for women to seek intimacy on equal position with men. â€Å"Career Women† can pursue their dream in the society and enjoy intimate relationship at the same time. Women being feminine are no longer treating themselves as â€Å"object† of men and depreciate their values and contribution to the society, but to meet the generally accepted standard of physical beauty in the society and enhance their ability to develop intimate relationship. The weaker body of women does not mean a weaker performance in the society. In this sense, body modification is no longer a self-punishment that depreciates an individual’s social value but self-empowerment to pursuit a more accepted or admired physical appearance in the society. Conclusion To conclude, I think that as feminism being more popular and accepted, the improvement in social status of women will make them being more important to the society as an individual. And I think the surveillance from a patriarchal body does no longer exist, everyone, both male and female, should have a chance to pursuit their own beauty regardless of their social roles.